Historically, the core function of pirate flags was as a complete system of deterrence and attack signals. When pursuing prey, pirates would typically raise a white flag to identify themselves; if the target refused to surrender, a black and white skull and crossbones flag would be raised as a final warning; if the prey continued to resist, a red flag would be raised to declare slaughter without mercy. Records indicate that a black pirate flag might signify leaving some loot, while a red pirate flag signified ruthlessness.
In modern times, some Western navies raise pirate flags when their ships first cross the equator, as a traditional "prank" or ritual. In popular culture, the Jolly Roger, as an iconic symbol of pirates, has been imbued with a spirit of rebellion and innovation. For example, in 1983, the Apple Macintosh team flew a homemade pirate flag featuring a white skull and crossbones, crossed legs, and a colorful Apple logo to symbolize "pirate spirit" and innovative, rebellious culture.
